Case ID:69769

Martha Wanjiru Kimata & another v Dorcas Wanjiru & another [2015] eKLR

Case Metadata

Case Number:

Civil Appeal 94 of 2014

Parties:

Martha Wanjiru Kimata & Jacinta Hito Grishon v Dorcas Wanjiru & Mary Wamaitha Mwangi

Date Delivered:

24 Feb 2015

Case Class:

Civil

Court:

High Court at Nairobi (Milimani Law Courts)

Case Action:

Judgment

Judge(s):

Lydia Awino Achode

Citation:

Martha Wanjiru Kimata & another v Dorcas Wanjiru & another [2015] eKLR

Case History:

(Being an Appeal from the whole of the Judgment of Honourable Acting Principal Magistrate Honourable E. Michieka (Mr.) delivered on 1st October, 2013 at Kikuyu Senior Principal Magistrates Court, Civil Suit No. 207 of 2013)

Court Division:

Family

County:

Nairobi

History Docket No:

Civil Suit No. 207 of 2013

Case Summary:

Jurisdiction of the Magistracy courts in entertaining burial disputes

Martha Wanjiru Kimata & Another v Dorcas Wanjiru & Another

Civil Appeal No 94 of 2014

High Court of Kenya at Nairobi

L A Achode, J

February24, 2015

Reported by Teddy Musiga

Issues:

Whether the Magistracy courts by virtue of section 2 of the Magistrate’s Court Act lack the jurisdiction to entertain customary burial disputes.

What law was applicable to burial disputes?

Who had the duty and/ or right to inter the deceased?

Customary Law

– African customary law – burial disputes – laws applicable to burial disputes - jurisdiction of the magistracy courts in entertaining customary burial disputes – duties & rights to inter deceased persons – Magistrate’s Court Act, section 2 & 9

Statutes

– interpretation of statutes – interpretation of jurisdiction of the Magistrate’s Court Act in entertaining burial disputes - Magistrate’s Court Act, section 2 & 9

Section 2 of the Magistrate’s Court Act provided that;

“In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires –“claim under customary law” means a claim concerning any of the following matters under African Customary Law –

(a)Land held under customary tenure;

(b)Marriage, divorce, maintenance or dowry;

(c)Seduction or pregnancy of an unmarried woman or girl;

(d)Enticement of or adultery with a married woman;

(e)Matters affecting status, and in particular the status of

women, widows and children, including guardianship,

custody, adoption and legitimacy;

(f)Intestate Succession and administration of intestate

estates so far as not governed by any written law.”

Section 9 of the Magistrate’s court Act provided that;

“A district magistrate’s court shall have and exercise jurisdiction and powers in proceedings of a civil nature where either—

(a) the proceedings concern a claim under customary law; or

(b) the value of the subject matter in dispute does not exceed five thousand shillings, or ten thousand shillings where the court is constituted by a district magistrate having power to hold a magistrate’s court of the first class.”

Held:

Section 2 of the Magistrate’s court Act had to be read in conjunction with section 9 of that Act. Such a reading indicated that the Magistrate’s Court Act did not oust the jurisdiction of the magistrate’s court to determine burial disputes.

Where the issue of place of burial was to be decided by a court of law, the court had to rely on customary law since there was no statutory law in place yet to establish the place of burial.

Customary law like all laws was dynamic. It was especially so because it was not codified. Its application was left to the good sense of the judges who were called to apply it. It was worded the way it was to allow consideration of individual circumstances of each case.

In the social context prevailing in this country, the person who was first in line of duty in relation to the burial of any deceased person was the one who was closest to the deceased in legal terms. Generally, the marital union had to be found to be the closest chain of relationships touching on the deceased. And therefore, it was only natural that the one who could prove that fundamental proximity in law to the deceased, had the colour of right of burial, ahead of any other claimant. In the circumstances of the instant case, such a person had to be the wife.

The trial court satisfactorily presumed a marriage between the defendant and the deceased on the basis of a long cohabitation. The appellant on the other hand did not establish any custom, habit or repute that could accord her position legitimacy, in relation to the family life of the deceased. Besides the fact that she met the deceased in 1980 and they had a child together, they did not appear to have cohabited continuously together nor was she introduced to the 1

st

family as part of the deceased’s family.

The 2

nd

appellant therefore did not bring any satisfactory material before the court that would have made the court to presume a marriage between her and the deceased. The facts and circumstances of the instant case could not move the court to hold that a marriage existed between them.

It was trite law that there could not be property in a dead body, and a person could not dispose of his body by will, but it had to be noted that courts had long held that the wishes of the deceased, though not binding had to, so far as practicable be given effect, so long as the same was not contrary to custom nor contrary to the general law or policy.

When it came to the disposal of the body of a married man or woman, the spouse had to play a leading role. It would be better if the relatives of the deceased could sit down and agree on how to give their loved one a dignified exit. When they failed to agree and approached the court for a solution, the court had no option but to step in.

Appeal dismissed

History Magistrate:

E. Michieka

History County:

Kiambu

Case Outcome:

Appeal Dismissed

Disclaimer:

The information contained in the above segment is not part of the judicial opinion delivered by the Court. The metadata has been prepared by Kenya Law as a guide in understanding the subject of the judicial opinion. Kenya Law makes no warranties as to the comprehensiveness or accuracy of the information

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

IN THE HIGH COURT OF KENYA AT NAIROBI

FAMILY DIVISION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 94 OF 2014

MARTHA WANJIRU KIMATA……....…………1

ST

INTENDED APPELLANT

JACINTA HITO GRISHON……….……....…...2

ND

INTENDED APPELLANT

VERSUS

DORCAS WANJIRU…………………………………...……RESPONDENT

MARY WAMAITHA MWANGI………………..INTERESTED APPELLANT

J U D G M E N T

(

Being an Appeal from the whole of the Judgment of Honourable Acting Principal Magistrate Honourable E. Michieka (Mr.) delivered on 1

st

October, 2013 at Kikuyu Senior Principal Magistrates Court, Civil Suit No. 207 of 2013)

1. On 15

th

August, 2013 the Plaintiffs herein filed in Court a Plaint praying for judgment against the Defendant for:

a) A permanent injunction to issue against the Defendant either by herself, her agents, servants and/or any other persons whomsoever from interring the remains of the late DAVID MWANGI MWARANGU at Langata Cemetery.

b) A declaration that the Plaintiffs are entitled to participate in all burial and funeral meetings and arrangements at a neutral place and/or at the deceased’s residence and also burry the deceased on plot no. 307 Ola-Label in Ngarua – Laikipia County.

c) The costs of this suit

d) Any other or further relief that this Honourable court may deem fit, just and expedient to grant.

2. The Defendant filed in court a Statement of Defence on 20

th

August, 2013 where she prayed for the Plaintiffs’ suit to be dismissed with costs.

3. Having considered the suit, the Learned Magistrate ordered that:-

1. the deceased’s mother has every right to participate and be involved in the burial plans of her deceased son wherever they may be held.

2. in respect to the 2

nd

Plaintiff the deceased being her daughter’s father, she may participate in the burial arrangements to the extent in which the immediate family of the deceased will allow her.

3. That the body of the deceased herein DAVID MWANGI MWARANGU be and is hereby released to the defendant to perform the final rites as is customary in conjunction with the deceased’s family, led by the 1

st

plaintiff for burial at a place to be determined by the defendant.

4. That the costs of preservation of the deceased’s remains be borne by the plaintiffs jointly and severally.

5. That each party to bear its own costs of the suit.

4. Being aggrieved by the said judgment the Appellants filed the appeal and raised the following grounds of appeal:-

1. That the learned magistrate erred in law and in fact in holding against the 2

nd

Plaintiff on grounds that the deceased’s actions did not confer on her any status, that of a wife or otherwise and thus the court could not presume existence of marriage.

2. That the learned magistrate erred in law and in fact in finding that the 2

nd

Plaintiff had not on a balance of probability, demonstrated that there was sufficient ground for the court to presume a marriage existed between her and the deceased.

3. That the learned magistrate erred in law and in fact in finding that the long cohabitation between the deceased and the Defendant amounted to presumption of marriage, while the cohabitation between the deceased and the 2

nd

Plaintiff did not amount to presumption of marriage.

4. That the learned magistrate erred in law and in fact in finding that in cases of burial disputes the wishes of the deceased person, should be given effect as opposed to the customary laws of the deceased.

5. That the learned magistrate erred in law and in fact in speculating the wishes of the deceased and proceeding to hold the speculated wishes of the deceased superior to customary law.

6. That the learned magistrate erred in law and in fact in holding on a balance of probability in favour of the defendant order that the body of the deceased be released to her to perform the final rites despite finding that the evidence of the defendant and her daughter was not conclusive in itself.

7. That the learned magistrate erred in law and in fact in ruling against the Plaintiff’s suit.

5. The appellant therefore asks for orders that the appeal herein be allowed; that the said judgment be set aside and the Respondent to pay the costs of this Appeal and of the application in the Lower Court.

6. The application was prosecuted by way of written submissions. The Appellant’s written submissions were filed on 25

th

November, 2014. There are no written submissions filed on the part of the Respondent.

7. It was submitted on behalf of the Appellants that customary burial is specifically excluded by Section 2 of the Magistrate’s Courts Act and therefore a Resident Magistrate’s court lacked jurisdiction to hear disputes that relate to customary burial. Further, that the court should rely on Customary Law to establish the place of burial in this matter. They relied on the case of

Virginia Edith Wambui Otieno Vs Joash Ochieng Ougo & Another (1987) eKLR

, and

Josinda Katumba Kamau Vs. Annah Ngendo (1998)

,

eKLR

and beseeched this Court to order that the deceased’s remains be interred at his ancestral home in plot No.37 Ola-Label in Ngarua, Laikipia County.

8. It is their submission that the trial court erred in fact and in law in failing to find that the long cohabitation between the Plaintiff and the 2

nd

Appellant conferred on her the status of a wife. They contend that evidence was adduced in the court below that the 2

nd

Appellant and the deceased had a daughter, and that the deceased was paying the rent for the house the Appellant was living in with her daughter. Further that besides the 1

st

Appellant,

DW2

and the interested party testified that during the deceased’s lifetime he was treating the 2

nd

Appellant for all intents and purposes as a wife.

9. This court has carefully considered the appeal herein, the grounds proffered, the Appellant’s submissions and the orders appealed against. This court is alive to the fact that it did not hear the witnesses testify nor did it observe their demeanour, and therefore should be slow to reverse the trial court’s decision. It is however, not lost on this court that an appeal is in a way a retrial and the court must therefore reconsider the evidence, evaluate it itself and draw its own conclusions. See the case of

Peters –vs- Sunday Posts Ltd [1958]E.A. 424

at page 429, where the Court of Appeal had stated thus:

“It is a strong thing for an appellate court to differ from the finding, on a question of fact, of the Judge who tried the case, and who had the advantage of seeing and hearing the witnesses. An appellate court has, indeed, jurisdiction to review the evidence in order to determine whether the conclusion originally reached upon that evidence should stand. But this is a jurisdiction which should be exercised with caution, it is not enough that the appellate court might itself have come to a different conclusion.”

10. Counsel for the Appellant submitted that customary burial is specifically excluded by Section 2 of the Magistrate’s Court Act and therefore the trial court lacked jurisdiction to hear disputes that relate to customary burial. The said Section 2 of the Magistrates’ Court Act (Cap 10 Laws of Kenya) states that:

“In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires –“claim under customary law” means a claim concerning any of the following matters under African Customary Law –

(a)

Land held under customary tenure;

(b)

Marriage, divorce, maintenance or dowry;

(c)

Seduction or pregnancy of an unmarried woman or girl;

(d)

Enticement of or adultery with a married woman;

(e)

Matters affecting status, and in particular the status of

women, widows and children, including guardianship,

custody, adoption and legitimacy;

(f)

Intestate Succession and administration of intestate

estates so far as not governed by any written law.”

11. There are two schools of thought on this issue. The first school of thought can be discerned in decisions such as that of Kimaru J in

Kiplagat Korir v Mutai

HCC App No. 52 of 2005

at Kericho (unreported), in which he stated that:

“A resident Magistrate’s court can only hear customary law disputes as specified in section 2 of the Magistrate’s court Act. A Resident Magistrate cannot extend jurisdiction and hear matters which are not specifically provided for in section 2 of the Act.”

The second school of thought is such as can be found in the decision of Mwera J (as he then was) in

HCC App No. 19 of 2008

(unreported). Mwera J was of the view that a Magistrate’s Court had jurisdiction to determine a burial dispute. In particular the judge had this to say:

“….And on this point this court would, with respect, disagree with the

Kiplagat Korir

case which held that a resident magistrate had no jurisdiction to adjudicate over a burial dispute. Quite probably Section 9 of Cap 10 was not brought to the attention of the learned judge presiding over that appeal.”

12. I have considered the pertinent provisions of the law and I am of the view that Section 2 should not be read in isolation, but rather it should be read together with Section 9 of the Magistrates Court’s Act. Such a reading indicates that the magistrate’s Act does not oust the jurisdiction of the magistrate’s court to determine burial disputes. I am therefore, of the same persuasion as the school of thought held by Mwera J above. In any case the issue of jurisdiction is not a ground in the appeal herein and only seems to emerge in the submissions.

13. What law is applicable to burial disputes? It is now settled law that where the issue of place of burial is to be decided by a court of law, the court relies on Customary Law to establish the place of burial. The Appellants relied on the case of

Virginia Edith Wambui Otieno Vs Joash Ochieng Ougo & Another (1987) eKLR,

where the court stated that:

“the deceased was born and bred a Luo and as such under Luo customary law his wife on marriage became part and parcel of her husband’s household as well as a member of her husband’s clan. Their children are also Luo as well as members of their deceased father’s clan. On the death of a married Luo man the customs are that the clan takes charge of his burial as far as taking into account the wishes of the deceased and his family. Under the Luo custom to which as we have said she is bound, she has no right to bury her husband and she does not become the head of the family upon the death of her husband. As with other African communities a man cannot change his tribal origin……”

and the case of

Josinda Katumba Kamau Vs. Annah Ngendo (1998)

,

eKLR

in which the court held that

:

“……..it is important to recognize that in the Otieno case customary law is what was used as a guide in deciding the case. The principle outlined above can also be adopted here, namely that the wife becomes part of the husband’s clan. A man cannot change his tribal origin. If we apply these principles to this case we find that the deceased was born and bred a Kikuyu by tribe. His wife by marriage according to DW4 becomes part of the clan member. It thus means that the deceased clan is known and were in control of his affairs as burial is concerned”

.

The law applicable to burial disputes for the time being is therefore customary law, since there is no statute law in place as yet.

14. Having established that the law applicable to this dispute is customary law, the court went on to determine the question of who in the circumstances of this case had the duty and/or right to inter the deceased. The Appellants invited this court to consider customary law and cited various authorities in support of their argument. Customary law like all laws is dynamic. It is especially so because it is not codified. Its application is left to the good sense of the judges who are called to apply it. It is worded the way it is to allow the consideration of individual circumstances of each case…

- See the Court of Appeal in Edwin Otieno Ombayo

.

15. In the case of

Ruth Wanjiru Njoroge v Jemimah Njeri Njoroge & Another [2004] eKLR

, Ojwang J (as he then was) held thus:

“In the Social Context prevailing in this country the person who is first in line of duty in relation to the burial of any deceased person is the one who is closest to deceased in legal terms.

Generally the marital union will be found to be the focus of the closest chain of relationships touching on the deceased. And therefore, it is only natural that the one who can prove this fundamental proximity in law to the deceased, has the colour of right of burial, ahead of any other claimant.

”

16. In the circumstances of this case such a person would be the wife. I have gone through the record, and I am satisfied that a marriage between the Defendant and the deceased was rightfully presumed by the trial court on the basis of a long cohabitation. The Appellant on the other hand did not establish any custom, habit or repute that could accord her position legitimacy, in relation to the family life of the deceased. Besides the fact that she met the deceased in 1980 and they had a child together, they do not appear to have cohabited continuously together nor was she introduced to the 1

st

family as part of the deceased’s family.

17. The second Appellant therefore did not bring any satisfactory material before the court that would make the court to presume a marriage between her and the deceased. The facts and circumstances of this case would not move this court to hold that a marriage existed between them. In the case of

MARY WANJIRU GITHATU VS ESTHER WANJIRU KIARIE,

CA No 20 of 2009 (Eldoret)

Bosire, JA stated that:

“in circumstances where parties do not lack capacity to marry, a marriage may be presumed if the facts and circumstances show the parties, by along cohabitation or other circumstances, evinced an intention of living together as husband and wife.”

18. It is evident that the deceased set up his matrimonial home at Thogoto. The Respondent and her daughter led evidence that the deceased had wished to be cremated, and that the Respondent talked him out of it, and they settled for Langata Cemetery. This is the evidence the trial court found probable on a balance of probability, noting that the evidence itself was not conclusive. Having said so, the court was inclined to giving effect to the deceased’s wish.

19.

It is trite that there cannot be property in a dead body and a person cannot dispose of his body by will, but i

t should be noted that courts have long held that the

wishes of the deceased, though not binding must, so far as practicable be given effect, so long as the same is not contrary to custom nor contrary to the general law or policy. See -

Law JA in

Apeli vs. Buluku

[2008] 1 KLR (G&F) 873. Clearly, there is nothing in the wishes of the deceased person herein that can be said to be illegal, offensive or unenforceable. Neither were they contrary to custom, or to the general law or to public policy.

20.

Nothing would have been easier than for the parties to strike an amicable agreement as to the place of burial of the deceased person herein and accord him a befitting send off. Unfortunately, that is not the case and the court has been called upon to settle the matter.

In

John Omondi Oleng and another vs. Sueflan Radal

(2012) eKLR Mabeya J

had this to say:

“…When it comes to the disposal of the body of a married man or woman the spouse should play a leading role. It would be better if the relatives of the deceased can sit down and agree on how to give their loved one a dignified exit. When they fail to agree and approach the Court for solution, the court has no option but to step in...”

In view of the foregoing, this court finds that the Appellant’s appeal lacks merit and is hereby dismissed.

Orders accordingly.

SIGNED DATED

and

DELIVERED

in open court this

24

th

day

of

February 2015

.

…………………

L. A. ACHODE

JUDGE